The hallmark of a stone that obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis is excruciating, intermittent pain that radiates from the flank to the groin or to the inner thigh. Signs and symptoms Diagram showing the typical location of renal colic, below the rib cage to just above the pelvis In this context, epidemiological studies are striving to elucidate the worldwide changes in the patterns and the burden of the disease and identify modifiable risk factors that contribute to the development of kidney stones. The prevalence and incidence of the disease rises worldwide and continues to be challenging for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems alike. Generally, more men are affected than women. They have become more common in the Western world since the 1970s. In 2015, 22.1 million cases occurred, resulting in about 16,100 deaths. Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their lives. Kidney stones have affected humans throughout history with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BCE. Larger stones may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. For those with symptoms, pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. When a stone causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed. Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid (typically colas) should be avoided. If fluid intake alone is not effective to prevent kidney stones, the medications thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be suggested. Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day is recommended. In those who have had stones, drinking fluids is suggestion to prevent stones. Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of ( calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine). The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging. Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration. Risk factors include high urine calcium levels, obesity, certain foods, some medications, calcium supplements, hyperparathyroidism, gout and not drinking enough fluids. Most stones form by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. About half of people who have had a kidney stone are likely to have another within ten years. A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material ( kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract. Pain medication, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy Severe pain in the lower back or abdomen, blood in the urine, vomiting, nausea īased on symptoms, urine testing, medical imaging Ībdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, appendicitis, pyelonephritis ĭrinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day Urolithiasis, kidney stone, renal calculus, nephrolith, kidney stone disease, Ī kidney stone, 8 millimeters (0.3 in) in diameter
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